Basic personal pronouns of modern English
The basic personal pronouns of modern English are shown below.
Personal pronouns in standard Modern English


Singular
Plural

Reflexive
Subject
Object
Reflexive

First
me
myself
us
ourselves

Second
you
yourself
you
yourselves

Third
Masculine
him
himself
them
themselves

Feminine
her
herself

Neuter
it
itself

Full list of personal pronouns
The following table shows the full list of English personal pronouns and possessive determiners, including archaic and dialectal forms. Nonstandard, informal and archaic forms are in italics.

personal pronoun
possessive
pronoun
possessive
determiner
subjective
objective
reflexive
first-person
singular
I
me
myself
mine
my
mine (before vowel)
me (esp. BrE)
plural
we
us
ourselves
ourself
ours
our
second-person
singular
standard (archaic formal)
you
you
yourself
yours
your
archaic informal
thou
thee
thyself
thine
thy
thine (before vowel)
plural
standard
you
you all
you
you all
yourselves
yours
your
archaic
ye
you
yourselves
yours
your
nonstandard or informal
y'all
youse
etc.
[nb 1]
y'all
youse
y'all's selves
y'all's
y'all's
third-person
singular
masculine
he
him
himself
his
his
feminine
she
her
herself
hers
her
neuter
it
it
itself
its
its
generic/epicene (formal)
one
one
oneself
one's
generic/epicene (nonstandard)
they
them
themself, themselves
theirs
their
plural
they
them
themselves
theirs
their
  1. ^ Other variants include: yous, you/youse guys, you/youse gals, you-uns, yis, yinz; possessives: you(r) guys's, you(r) gals's, yous's
For further archaic forms, and information on the evolution of the personal pronouns of English, see Old English pronouns.
[edit] First person pronouns
Main articles: I and me
[edit] I and me
  • In modern English, me is sometimes used in colloquial speech as the predicative of the copula, occurring when the subject is the speaker. See It is I/It is me for a more detailed discussion.
  • In some dialects of English, such as Caribbean English, me may be used as a subject, in place of I.[citation needed]
[edit] My and mine, thy and thine
Main articles: my, mine, thy, and thine
  • Historically, my comes from a reduction of mine, and well after the emergence of my, mine continued to be used instead of my before words beginning with vowel sounds (e.g., the first line of “The Battle Hymn of the Republic”). Similarly with thy and thine.






What is an Adverb?
An adverb is a word that tells us more about a verb. It "qualifies" or "modifies" a verb (The man ran quickly). In the following examples, the adverb is in bold and the verb that it modifies is in italics.
  • John speaks loudly. (How does John speak?)
  • Afterwards she smoked a cigarette. (When did she smoke?)
  • Mary lives locally. (Where does Mary live?)
But adverbs can also modify adjectives (Tara is really beautiful), or even other adverbs (It works very well). Look at these examples:
  • Modify an adjective:
    - He is really handsome. (How handsome is he?)
    - That was extremely kind of you.
  • Modify another adverb:
    - She drives incredibly slowly. (How slowly does she drive?)
    - He drives extremely fast.

 

Kinds of Adverbs

Here you can see the basic kinds of adverbs.

Adverbs of Manner

Adverbs of Manner tell us the manner or way in which something happens. They answer the question "how?". Adverbs of Manner mainly modify verbs.
  • He speaks slowly. (How does he speak?)
  • They helped us cheerfully. (How did they help us?)
  • James Bond drives his cars fast. (How does James Bond drive his cars?)
We normally use Adverbs of Manner with dynamic (action) verbs, not with stative or state verbs.
  • He ran fast. She came quickly. They worked happily.
  • She looked beautifully. It seems strangely. They are happily.

Adverbs of Place

Adverbs of Place tell us the place where something happens. They answer the question "where?". Adverbs of Place mainly modify verbs.
  • Please sit here. (Where should I sit?)
  • They looked everywhere. (Where did they look?)
  • Two cars were parked outside. (Where were two cars parked?)

Adverbs of Time

Adverbs of Time tell us something about the time that something happens. Adverbs of Time mainly modify verbs.
They can answer the question "when?":
  • He came yesterday. (When did he come?)
  • I want it now. (When do I want it?)
Or they can answer the question "how often?":
  • They deliver the newspaper daily. (How often do they deliver the newspaper?)
  • We sometimes watch a movie. (How often do we watch a movie?)

Adverbs of Degree

Adverbs of Degree tell us the degree or extent to which something happens. They answer the question "how much?" or "to what degree?". Adverbs of Degree can modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.
  • She entirely agrees with him. (How much does she agree with him?)
  • Mary is very beautiful. (To what degree is Mary beautiful? How beautiful is Mary?)
  • He drove quite dangerously. (To what degree did he drive dangerously? How dangerously did he drive?)


Global Warming

Global warming is one of the most serious challenges facing us today. To protect the health and economic well-being of current and future generations, we must reduce our emissions of heat-trapping gases by using the technology, know-how, and practical solutions already at our disposal.

Tropical deforestation is the largest source of emissions for many developing countries, but slowing deforestation can't solve the climate problem by itself. As forest-rich developing countries step up to take responsibility for reducing their emissions, all industrialized nations should not only support their efforts but, most importantly, reduce their own emissions and lead efforts to avert dangerous climate change.

For years we have heard so much about the causes of climate change, that we’ve missed the fact that there are simple, practical solutions that can slow this growing problem. Technologies exist today that can cut emissions of heat-trapping gases and make a real difference in the health of our planet. And these solutions will be good for our economy, reduce our dependence on foreign oil, and enhance our energy security.

Global warming doesn’t just mean balmy February days in northern climes. It also means increasingly hot days in the summer, and a host of negative impacts that are already under way and are expected to intensify in the
coming decades.

-More heat waves will likely increase the risk of heat-related illnesses and deaths.

-Cities and towns along the nation's major rivers will experience more severe and frequent flooding.

-Some areas will likely experience more extensive and prolonged droughts.

-Some of our favorite coastal and low-lying vacation areas, such as parts of the Florida Keys and Cape Cod, will be much less appealing as sea levels rise, dunes erode, and the areas become more vulnerable to coastal storms.

-Many families and businesses, who have made their living from fishing, farming, and tourism could lose their livelihoods, and others who love hunting, boating, skiing, birdwatching, and just relaxing near lakes, streams, and wetlands will see some of their favorite places irretrievably changed.

The solutions to climate change are here and it's time we put them to use. If we get started today we can tackle this problem and decrease the unpleasant outcomes that await us if we do nothing. The steps we need to take are common sense. And, more often than not, they will save consumers money. The cost of inaction, however, is unacceptably high.

The scientific consensus is in. Our planet is warming, and we are helping make it happen by adding more heat-trapping gases, primarily carbon dioxide (CO2), to the atmosphere. The burning of fossil fuel (oil, coal, and natural gas) alone accounts for about 75 percent of annual CO2 emissions from human activities. Deforestation—the cutting and burning of forests that trap and store carbon—accounts for about another 20 percent.

Procrastination is not an option. Scientists agree that if we wait 10, 20, or 50 years, the problem will be much more difficult to address and the consequences for us will be that much more serious.

We're treating our atmosphere like we once did our rivers. We used to dump waste thoughtlessly into our waterways, believing that they were infinite in their capacity to hold rubbish. But when entire fisheries were poisoned and rivers began to catch fire, we realized what a horrible mistake that was.

Our atmosphere has limits too. CO2 remains in the atmosphere for about 100 years. The longer we keep polluting, the longer it will take to recover and the more irreversible damage will be done.

Fuel-efficient vehicles. Renewable energy. Protecting threatened forests. These common sense solutions won't only reduce global warming, many will save us money and create new business opportunities.

Best of all, these solutions exist now. We just need to insist that business and government take the necessary steps to make them available and affordable. Then we have to let consumers know what to do and provide incentives to help all of us make better choices.

The following five sensible steps are available today and can have an enormous impact on the problem CO2 remains in the atmosphere for about 100 years.
EVERYBODY NEEDS FANTASY

Ladies and gentlemen, do you remember the first time you saw magic? Well, when I was a little kid, my kindergarten teacher showed me a trick. That was when I first watched magic. She did this:(performing) "Hey kids, look at this handkerchief. I push this blue handkerchief into my hand, and watch. It's gone! But if you say a magic word, 'abracadabra', you can make it reappear!" I couldn't believe my eyes. And this experience inspired me to start learning magic. Today, however, instead of taking you to the mysterious world of magic, I'd like to discuss how the fantasy of magic can create a more pleasant life.

Now, what is your response when you see a trick like this? Through my experience as a magician, I've found that there are mainly two different types of reactions when people see magic. Let me explain.

The first group of people try to enjoy the illusion. They accept the fantasy of magic, and try to believe what is going on in front of their eyes.

The second group of people don't distinguish the fantasy of magic from the world of reality. They either persist in finding out the secrets of the trick, or have no interest in magic at all. Instead they feel they are cheated by the magician, and therefore they don't enjoy the experience.

Now, which type are you, ladies and gentlemen? Of course for the magician, the first group of people makes the most desirable audience. But in today's busy society, I think the people of group 2 are at a disadvantage because I have a feeling that this attitude has something to do with one of our current problems, that is, 'stress'.

As you know, many of us are under increasing amounts of stress these days. Actually we are living in a very busy society and there are even children who suffer from stomach ulcers, which are considered to be a disease caused by stress. Many of us seek out the ways to alleviate the stress. But I think whether we suffer from stress or not depends largely on our attitude.

For example, the first group of people enjoy everything. They are cheerful, and naturally relaxed. On the other hand the second group of people never leave the world of reality and often try to find fault with everything. For instance, when recommended to try something new, they worry, "Is this going to be fun?" or "Isn't that a waste of time?" And after that, they complain, "I shouldn't have done that!", and feel stress again. Or some people are at a loss as to how to make themselves relaxed, and their free time is spent just lying in front of TV all day, mostly wasting time.

I think people of group 2 lack the spirit of having fun, and that's why they can't relax and be happy. Although they'd like to be relaxed and happy, they make their own situations worse by being critical of everything even when relaxing. They also feel uneasy on the job, always thinking they are too busy, "I need some time to unwind." In spite of this when it comes to their free time, they feel uneasy again, thinking, "Oh, it's not the time to amuse myself. I'd better devote myself to my job."

Of course, it might depend on one's character or the life situation whether you can become the perfect group 1 people. But after all everybody needs fantasy somewhere deep inside, and the essence of relaxation is the spirit of having fun. Movies are a good example. There are so many kinds of movies, and the stories in most movies would hardly ever come true in our daily life. However, do we enjoy them when we are critical of the storyline? Do we enjoy them when we have doubt in our minds? The answer is definitely "No". We enjoy them only by trying to believe the story, by trying to feel as if we are on the screen.

In Japan, working hard without taking a rest is often considered to be a great virtue. Of course, it is important to be diligent, but it's not everything. We also need some time to put everything aside, escape our routine, and just relax. If we can fully appreciate our leisure time, we are refreshed, and can concentrate on our jobs once again. So let's take the opportunity to escape with a spirit of having fun, to live a really happy life.

I myself came to realize how good it is to be a group 1 person through my magic. And as a saying goes, "Everybody loves magicians." I believe magic is one of the best ways to have fun and relax. So I'd like to finish my speech by showing you some of my favorite tricks. (I show the audience a handkerchief) Well, I'm not here today for my magic show, but I stand here just to remind you of one thing. (It immediately changes into a cane.) That is, (I make the flower appear.) "It's time to smell the flowers!" And if you totally enjoyed my speech and magic, —I'm happy to tell you— you are a group 1 person already. Congratulations!

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